In addition to the great benefits of DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (DG) resources to power systems, there are some disadvantages. In spite of some benefits like decrease of received power from transmission grid, INCREMENT of DGs PENETRATION can lead to voltage increase in distribution networks during off peak. Hence the recent efforts have been made to handle problems to increase the PENETRATION of these resources. The use of energy storage systems (ESSs) is one of the ways to prevent defects may arise from use of DGs in power systems and can help to increase PENETRATION of DGs in power systems. ESSs can save energy during off peak and deliver it to the network in peak hours; hence, these equipment can reduce power losses and prevent voltage deviation during off peak by increasing load due to ESS charging.In this paper, first DG allocation and ESS placement are introduced then simultaneous placement of DG and ESS to reduce power losses in the distribution network are described. The proposed models are solved using genetic algorithm as optimization tool. The obtained results show that simultaneous placement could increase DG PENETRATION compared to the separate allocation of these devices and provide further reduce of the losses in the distribution network.

As the proportion of total GENERATION by renewable sources compared to non-renewable sources increases, the relative inertial stability provided by large rotating generators in electricity grids is found to shrink and is not being replaced by sources such as photovoltaic and wind power, which are already known for their inherent variability. This leads to electricity GENERATION systems being less stable, less flexible, and less adequate in applications with a high diversity factor, and literature shows that the PENETRATION of renewable energy sources in distribution-GENERATION/microgrid system frequently presents several technical and economic challenges in their usual applications. This work examines how increased renewable energy PENETRATION impacts the distribution-GENERATION system and suggests approaches and measures for tackling the challenges that are associated with it.

In recent years, the DISTRIBUTED GENERATION resources (DGR) have become an essential and inseparable component in power networks and have achieved major success. Improving network power voltage, helping in peak load conditions and reducing load on power lines and transformers, utilizing renewable energies and reducing environmental pollution constitute some of the reasons for their expansion. In contrast to all these advantages in a given network, the increased presence of DISTRIBUTED GENERATION resources has presented new challenges for power networks. One of the most important problems is the impact on system protection functionality. The traditional protection structure of the networks will be impaired and malfunctioned due to the presence of DISTRIBUTED GENERATION resources. In this paper, a new intelligent linear control algorithm is used to restore the protective coordination. The proposed method modifies the protection characteristic curve of the protection system by adjusting the overcurrent relay current coefficient. This control procedure is in accordance with the widely applied overcurrent relay curves and complies with the relevant standards. For this purpose, by using a new drop control block and local sampling of over-current relay current, current setting of the relay is recovered to keep the correct operation of protection system. The proposed method is evaluated on two real micro-grids test system in Isfahan province by ETAP software. The findings indicate the ability of this method in coordinating the protection functionality of micro-grids with high PENETRATION coefficient of DGR.

The current study aimed to optimize artificial insemination in aged broiler breeder hens in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of (two) different diluted semen temperatures (5 and 25 °C) of Hubbard rooster (40 roosters, 58 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and sperm PENETRATION (SP) rate in the perivitelline layer of Hubbard hen (180 hens) were investigated. In the second experiment, three (different) sperm concentrations (100 (C100), 200 (C200), and 400 (C400) million sperm in 0.25 mL per hen) of Hubbard roosters (40 roosters, 62 weeks of age) on fertility, hatchability and SP rate of Hubbard broiler breeder hens (270 hens) were explored. In the first experiment, the results showed that the temperature of 5 °C of diluted semen compared to the 25 °C, increased percentage of hatchability of set eggs, hatchability of fertile eggs, and SP and decreased early embryonic mortality. The results of the second experiment showed the highest percentage of fertility and SP rate were observed at treatment C400. Also, in this experiment that highest percentage of hatchability of set eggs and hatchability of fertile eggs and lowest early embryonic mortality were observed at treatment C400. Return on investment (ROI) of the treatments C200 and C400 was approximately 2.9 and 1.4, respectively. In overall, the results of this study showed that (in attention to ROI and hatchability) to optimize artificial insemination of aged broiler breeder hens we can use a sperm concentration of 200 to 400 million in 0.25 mL per hens at 5 °C.

Plastic hinge properties play a crucial role in predicting the nonlinear response of structural elements. The plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete normal beams has been previously studied experimentally and analytically. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the behavior of the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete deep beams and its comparison with normal beams through finite element simulation. To do so, ten beams contain six deep beams, and four normal beams, under concentrated and uniformly DISTRIBUTED loading, are investigated. Lengths in the plastic hinge region involving curvature localization, rebar yielding, and concrete crushing zones are studied. The results indicate that the curvature localization zone is not suitable for the prediction of plastic hinge length in reinforced concrete deep beams. Based on the results it can be stated that in simply supported normal beams the concrete crushing zone is focused on the middle span, but in simply supported deep beams by creating a compression strut between loading place and support, the concrete crushing zone spreads along the compression trajectory. The rebar yielding zone of simply supported beams increases as the loading type is changed from the concentrated load at the middle to the uniformly DISTRIBUTED load.

Static voltage stability is considered as one of the main issues for primary identification before voltage collapsing in distribution systems. Although, the optimum siting of DISTRIBUTED GENERATION resources in distribution electricity network can play a significant role in voltage stability improving and losses reduction, the high PENETRATION level of them can lead to reduction in the improvement of load-ability. Moreover, the rapid variation and types of loads in distribution networks will have a significant impact on the maximum load-ability across the whole system. In this paper, a modified voltage stability index is presented with regard to DISTRIBUTED GENERATION units (DG) along with two-tier load model. By applying the Imperialist Competition Algorithm (ICA), the best size of DG with corresponding of DG placement is used to improve the voltage stability and reducing the losses. It is shown in the paper that the DG PENETRATION level can have influence on load-ability of the system and also the voltage regulators performance. The simulation results on the standard IEEE-13 Bus test feeder illustrate the precision of studies method and the load-ability limits in the system, taking into account the high PENETRATION level of DISTRIBUTED GENERATION units.

Without capacity mechanisms, GENERATION investment in the deregulated power system tends towards boom and bust cycles. Due to lack of significant demand response to electricity price, the cycles may jeopardize supply adequacy or even leads to a black-out in the bust periods. In this paper, encouragement of investment in DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONs, which is designed by the regulatory body is proposed to reduce the GENERATION investment cycles. The traditional long-term model of GENERATION investment dynamic is modified to model and consider the regulatory policies. Moreover, an optimization model of regulatory policies is also proposed in order to preserve the supply adequacy in power system. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to solve the optimization problem. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB software. The simulation results indicate the efficiency of the proposed model in improving the boom and bust cycles and preserving supply adequacy.